BILLINGS, Mont.?? A 3-year-old child witnessed the killing of three people in a remote area of Montana's Crow Indian Reservation and named a family member as the shooter, according to an FBI affidavit.
Sheldon Bernard Chase, 22, was captured in Washington state and made an initial appearance before U.S. Magistrate Cynthia Imbrogno in Spokane on Thursday. He was ordered held on three counts of first-degree murder in the killing of his grandmother, cousin and cousin's boyfriend at their rural home on Tuesday. He faces life in prison if convicted.
Chase, dressed in a yellow jumpsuit and wearing leg shackles, gave yes and no answers to a series of questions from the magistrate, and asked to be returned to Montana as soon as possible to face the charges.
The violence inside a prominent Crow family known for its adherence to traditional tribal values has roiled the reservation south of Billings, and the FBI affidavit offered new insight into what happened.
Chase suffers from mental illness, according to authorities and those who know him. The affidavit said Chase had stopped taking his medications prior to the shootings, although it does not specify when or what the medications were.
A day before the shootings, he left his mother's house on North Dakota's Fort Berthold Reservation taking with him a "Sitting Bull commemorative gun," according to the affidavit.
Shortly before noon Tuesday, Chase's 21-year-old cousin, Levon Driftwood, sent a text saying Chase had made it to the Crow Reservation, where he had been attending college and living with extended family in a small cluster of houses about 10 miles outside Lodge Grass.
The matriarch of the tight-knit clan, Gloria Cummins, had suffered a stroke several years ago and was cared for by Driftwood. Driftwood and boyfriend Rueben Jefferson had two-year-old and three-year-old sons, and the affidavit indicates two children were home when Chase arrived.
Within minutes, a fight ensued between Chase and Driftwood's boyfriend, Rueben Jefferson. Chase shot Jefferson, Cummins and Driftwood, and was seen by a neighbor driving away from Cummins' house at 12:10 p.m., according to the affidavit.
"During an interview of one child, age 3 years, he disclosed Chase and RCJ (Jefferson) were fighting and Chase shot RCJ. The child further stated Chase also shot GSC (Cummins) and LFD (Driftwood)," the affidavit stated.
Jefferson's body was found outside the house by FBI and Bureau of Indian Affairs agents who responded to the scene. The bodies of Cummins and Driftwood were inside, and all three had gunshot wounds to the head or face. Authorities allege Chase used a high-powered hunting rifle in the killings.
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Chase's former employer described him as acting erratically in the past, when he was said to cycle on and off medications for mental illness.
"When he was on his medications, he was a nice guy. When he came off them, he would just keep wandering around and around," said Doug McCormick, owner of the Little Horn IGA, a supermarket where Chase stocked groceries part time. "He was a different duck."
McCormick said he did not know what medications Chase was taking or what illness he suffered from. He said he did not have direct knowledge of when Chase was taking medications but that it was discussed among his employees.
Authorities so far have offered scant details of Chase's mental health history. The priest at the Catholic church in Lodge Grass that Chase frequented, Father Jim Antoine, said Chase had witnessed a traumatic event as a teenager that left him "haunted."
Others in the community have described Chase as a loner who spoke infrequently but was always well-dressed and had a close relationship with Cummins and other family members.
His capture Wednesday afternoon in Spokane followed a manhunt that stretched from the rugged Crow countryside across much of the northern U.S. Chase was arrested without incident near the Spokane Valley Mall, more than 600 miles west of Lodge Grass, by a team of federal and local law enforcement officers.
Frank Harrill, FBI supervisor in Spokane, said agents learned that Chase was in the Spokane area and converged on the scene. He declined to reveal how agents got their information.
Schools on reservations in southeastern Montana and western North Dakota were closed and residents stayed indoors for safety during the search.
Eric Barnhart, FBI supervisor in Billings, said investigators were still trying to piece together what led to the shooting.
"At this point, we still don't know," he said following Chase's capture. "With some history of mental illness, that's an X factor."
__
Geranios reported from Spokane, Wash.
Copyright 2011 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
Five years ago, with little evidence that teacher and student use of computers in classroom lessons would raise test scores, Kyrene (AZ) school district voters authorized $33 million in technology expenditures. Since then Kyrene administrators and teachers have offered enthusiastic endorsements, teachers and students have used the technology, and, here is the kicker: test scores have stagnated.*
The tough question that journalist Matt Richtel asks in his report on the Kyrene (AZ) school district?s impressive investment in hardware and software is straightforward: Why have test scores been sluggish?
None of this has surprised those of us who, over the years, have pointed out the lack of cause-and-effect between technology use and student test scores. What did surprise me, however, were the responses of journalists, academics, teachers, CEOs, vendors, and others who read the New York Times piece last month.
After sampling the responses?I confess that the ones I offer here may be unrepresentative?it seems to me that denial is at work. Denying facts is a common psychological defense mechanism that most of us have practiced many times.
?That throbbing pain in the knee for the past three hours will go away and I will feel better.?
?Sure, I weigh ten pounds heavier than I did last month but I don?t have a weight problem.?
?Global climate change is a figment of a few scientists? imagination?
Denial of unpleasant facts is so common that it shows up repeatedly in comments from smart people to the Richtel article.
Blame the tests. Test scores have plateaued because current standardized tests do not capture the thinking, decision-making, and critical skills that student learn from using classroom software. From a Duke University professor:
?It is not the test scores that are stagnant. It is the tests themselves.?? We need a better, more interactive, more comprehensive, and accurate way of testing how kids think, how they learn, how they create, how the browse the Web and find knowledge, how they synthesize it and apply it to the world they live in.?? As long as we measure great teaching ? by a metric invented for our great grandparents, we give kids not just the limited options of A, B, C, and D in a world where they can Google anything, anytime.?
Blame classroom structure. From the editor of a educational technology journal:
?In the photo that accompanies Richtel?s article, we see students in a traditional classroom, lined up in rows and sitting before notebook computers?. The crux of the problem is we forget that a classroom is a form of technology, too. Thus, we have a case in which a newer technology (computers with internet access) is embedded in an older technology (classroom)?.For the 19th century classroom, perhaps the best technology is the 19th century lecture and hardcopy textbook. The point is that the latest technology, confined to a classroom, is like a Pratt & Whitney F100 turbofan jet engine in a 1965 Volkswagen beetle chassis. If the beetle doesn?t fly, no one?s surprised.?
Then there is my favorite example of denial.
What Richtel says is probably true but he reported the wrong story.
From a journalist:
?[M]y real point is that the Times reporter could?and should?have written a different story:
?Schools spend billions on technology but use it to do the same old stuff in more entertaining ways!?
Why is this happening, the reporter could have asked? Is it because teachers don?t understand the technology?s power, or because they want to make sure the kids learn what the adults have decided they must learn???
Finally, most responses denied the complexities in operating tax-supported public schools aimed at serving all students and achieving multiple economic, social, and political purposes. Well-funded reformers championing iPads et. al.? see devices in classrooms and home as the cure-all for inequities (e.g., online instruction available to rich and poor) and uneven teaching (e.g., you cannot get effective teachers in every single classroom but you can get effective teaching online). Were it only that simple.
These examples illustrate different forms of denial at work. Richtel?s report on Kyrene?s expenditures for computer hardware and software for the purpose of improving teaching and learning without showing even a minimal return on investment (ROI)?the magical mantra that current reformers use as the gold standard?challenges the dominant ?wisdom? about the worth of instructional technologies. That the Kyrene school district in Arizona might be the grain of sand revealing a larger truth about the value of classroom technology is very hard to face.
__________
*Full disclosure: I am one of the sources cited in the New York Times report and have argued elsewhere many times that ?return on investment? insofar as computers in classrooms and test scores are concerned has been minimal.
$6.3 million center at UCSF and UC Davis seeks ways to diagnose and prevent osteoarthritisPublic release date: 6-Oct-2011 [ | E-mail | Share ]
Contact: Jason Socrates Bardi jason.bardi@ucsf.edu 415-502-4608 University of California - San Francisco
How people walk, jump and run and how their knees look in an MRI scanner may hold the secret to predicting years or even decades in advance whether they will develop osteoarthritis, the common degenerative joint disease that strikes half of all Americans by the time they reach the age of 70.
Doctors today cannot look at a person's gait, leap, stride or scan and tell you definitively whether or not they will develop osteoarthritis, but a new translational research center at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) Medical Center and the University of California, Davis seeks to change this.
Funded by a $6.3 million grant from the National Institutes of Health, the center will bring together radiologists, orthopedic surgeons, rheumatologists, laboratory scientists, mathematicians and physical therapists under one umbrella with a single purpose: finding new tools for predicting and preventing osteoarthritis in young people and improving care and outcomes for the tens of millions of American adults already suffering from the disease.
"Osteoarthritis is one of the major age-related illnesses of our times, and there's no way to slow or reverse it once it starts," said Sharmila Majumdar, PhD, UCSF Professor in Residence and Vice-Chair of Research in the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging. "The diverse group of experts at the center will all be seeking to address this problem, but from different perspectives, integrating imaging, biomechanics and the symptoms of the individual."
Specifically, these experts will combine advanced MRI imaging with sophisticated analyses of movement, clinical medicine, countrywide statistics and all the latest laboratory research on cartilage composition. They will seek to translate this research into clinical tools that can predict, prevent, and possibly slow damage to soft tissue in the joints.
"We're very excited about this research because it will allow us to assess the progressive degeneration and risk factors in osteoarthritis of the knee, identify its association with hip osteoarthritis, and determine how changes in cartilage may be a predictor for the disease," said professor Nancy E. Lane, MD, who leads the UC Davis Musculoskeletal Diseases of Aging Research Group, is co-principal investigator of the project and will direct one of the four major projects funded by the new grant.
The Appeal of Biomarkers to Medicine
An unfortunate reality of osteoarthritis is that the changes happening to the joints can go unnoticed for years. People in the early stages of the disease may not have any visible health problems, and much of the damage occurs long before someone develops soreness in their knees.
"By the time a patient sees a physician for walking knee pain, the disease is often very advanced," said Lane.
Part of the problem is that there is no effective way to screen for the earliest signs of osteoarthritis. X-rays taken of the knees and other joints are often inconclusive. While they may show the bones of a patient, they do not necessarily reveal the subtle changes to the soft tissue, where some of the earliest signs of disease may be hidden.
With some of the most advanced MRI imaging techniques now available, doctors can identify these subtle changes. Motivation for the new center stems from the fact that tools for identifying the early signs of osteoarthritis may already exist in laboratory, but more work needs to be done to push them into the clinic.
The new grant will fund several projects aimed at pushing the science forward by defining and standardizing biomarkers of the disease. These definitive, measurable quantities collected from something like a MRI scan would signal early joint degeneration.
According to Majumdar, the new center is uniquely positioned to define these biomarkers because developing them will require many experts from many different fields from experts in imaging to researchers who study patient movement and clinicians who see patients and recognize physical signs of disease.
Other center projects will utilize a treasure trove of osteoarthritis data gathered through a large national study, the Osteoarthritis Initiative sponsored by the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculo-Skeletal Disease (NIAMS).
Developing these biomarkers, Majumdar said, would be a boon for patients because, by giving pharmaceutical companies a useful way to test how effective the drugs are, it would speed up development of new drugs to fight osteoarthritis.
###
About UCSF Medical Center
The University of California, San Francisco is a leading university dedicated to promoting health worldwide through advanced biomedical research, graduate-level education in the life sciences and health professions and excellence in patient care. The UCSF Medical Center is one of the top 10 hospitals in the United States and is recognized for innovative treatments, advanced technology, collaboration among clinicians and scientists, and a highly compassionate team of patient care providers. The Medical Center's nationally preeminent programs include children's health, the brain and nervous system, organ transplantation, women's health and cancer. For more information, visit http://www.ucsfhealth.org
About UC Davis Health System
UC Davis Health System is advancing the health of patients everywhere by providing excellent patient care, conducting groundbreaking research, fostering innovative, interprofessional education, and creating dynamic, productive partnerships with the community. The academic health system includes one of the nation's best medical schools, a 645-bed acute-care teaching hospital, an 800-member physician's practice group and the new Betty Irene Moore School of Nursing. It is home to a National Cancer Institute-designated cancer center, an international neurodevelopmental institute, a stem cell institute and a comprehensive children's hospital. Other nationally prominent centers focus on advancing telemedicine, improving vascular care, eliminating health disparities and translating research findings into new treatments for patients. Together, they make UC Davis a hub of innovation that is transforming health for all. For more information, visit http://www.healthsystem.ucdavis.edu.
Released jointly by UCSF and UC Davis
Follow UCSF on Twitter @ucsf/@ucsfscience
[ | E-mail | Share ]
?
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
$6.3 million center at UCSF and UC Davis seeks ways to diagnose and prevent osteoarthritisPublic release date: 6-Oct-2011 [ | E-mail | Share ]
Contact: Jason Socrates Bardi jason.bardi@ucsf.edu 415-502-4608 University of California - San Francisco
How people walk, jump and run and how their knees look in an MRI scanner may hold the secret to predicting years or even decades in advance whether they will develop osteoarthritis, the common degenerative joint disease that strikes half of all Americans by the time they reach the age of 70.
Doctors today cannot look at a person's gait, leap, stride or scan and tell you definitively whether or not they will develop osteoarthritis, but a new translational research center at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) Medical Center and the University of California, Davis seeks to change this.
Funded by a $6.3 million grant from the National Institutes of Health, the center will bring together radiologists, orthopedic surgeons, rheumatologists, laboratory scientists, mathematicians and physical therapists under one umbrella with a single purpose: finding new tools for predicting and preventing osteoarthritis in young people and improving care and outcomes for the tens of millions of American adults already suffering from the disease.
"Osteoarthritis is one of the major age-related illnesses of our times, and there's no way to slow or reverse it once it starts," said Sharmila Majumdar, PhD, UCSF Professor in Residence and Vice-Chair of Research in the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging. "The diverse group of experts at the center will all be seeking to address this problem, but from different perspectives, integrating imaging, biomechanics and the symptoms of the individual."
Specifically, these experts will combine advanced MRI imaging with sophisticated analyses of movement, clinical medicine, countrywide statistics and all the latest laboratory research on cartilage composition. They will seek to translate this research into clinical tools that can predict, prevent, and possibly slow damage to soft tissue in the joints.
"We're very excited about this research because it will allow us to assess the progressive degeneration and risk factors in osteoarthritis of the knee, identify its association with hip osteoarthritis, and determine how changes in cartilage may be a predictor for the disease," said professor Nancy E. Lane, MD, who leads the UC Davis Musculoskeletal Diseases of Aging Research Group, is co-principal investigator of the project and will direct one of the four major projects funded by the new grant.
The Appeal of Biomarkers to Medicine
An unfortunate reality of osteoarthritis is that the changes happening to the joints can go unnoticed for years. People in the early stages of the disease may not have any visible health problems, and much of the damage occurs long before someone develops soreness in their knees.
"By the time a patient sees a physician for walking knee pain, the disease is often very advanced," said Lane.
Part of the problem is that there is no effective way to screen for the earliest signs of osteoarthritis. X-rays taken of the knees and other joints are often inconclusive. While they may show the bones of a patient, they do not necessarily reveal the subtle changes to the soft tissue, where some of the earliest signs of disease may be hidden.
With some of the most advanced MRI imaging techniques now available, doctors can identify these subtle changes. Motivation for the new center stems from the fact that tools for identifying the early signs of osteoarthritis may already exist in laboratory, but more work needs to be done to push them into the clinic.
The new grant will fund several projects aimed at pushing the science forward by defining and standardizing biomarkers of the disease. These definitive, measurable quantities collected from something like a MRI scan would signal early joint degeneration.
According to Majumdar, the new center is uniquely positioned to define these biomarkers because developing them will require many experts from many different fields from experts in imaging to researchers who study patient movement and clinicians who see patients and recognize physical signs of disease.
Other center projects will utilize a treasure trove of osteoarthritis data gathered through a large national study, the Osteoarthritis Initiative sponsored by the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculo-Skeletal Disease (NIAMS).
Developing these biomarkers, Majumdar said, would be a boon for patients because, by giving pharmaceutical companies a useful way to test how effective the drugs are, it would speed up development of new drugs to fight osteoarthritis.
###
About UCSF Medical Center
The University of California, San Francisco is a leading university dedicated to promoting health worldwide through advanced biomedical research, graduate-level education in the life sciences and health professions and excellence in patient care. The UCSF Medical Center is one of the top 10 hospitals in the United States and is recognized for innovative treatments, advanced technology, collaboration among clinicians and scientists, and a highly compassionate team of patient care providers. The Medical Center's nationally preeminent programs include children's health, the brain and nervous system, organ transplantation, women's health and cancer. For more information, visit http://www.ucsfhealth.org
About UC Davis Health System
UC Davis Health System is advancing the health of patients everywhere by providing excellent patient care, conducting groundbreaking research, fostering innovative, interprofessional education, and creating dynamic, productive partnerships with the community. The academic health system includes one of the nation's best medical schools, a 645-bed acute-care teaching hospital, an 800-member physician's practice group and the new Betty Irene Moore School of Nursing. It is home to a National Cancer Institute-designated cancer center, an international neurodevelopmental institute, a stem cell institute and a comprehensive children's hospital. Other nationally prominent centers focus on advancing telemedicine, improving vascular care, eliminating health disparities and translating research findings into new treatments for patients. Together, they make UC Davis a hub of innovation that is transforming health for all. For more information, visit http://www.healthsystem.ucdavis.edu.
Released jointly by UCSF and UC Davis
Follow UCSF on Twitter @ucsf/@ucsfscience
[ | E-mail | Share ]
?
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
Google has expanded again, this time moving into the world of real estate?or at least real estate listing services. Their website, called Google Base, launched in November 2005, and lists properties for sale, which can be uploaded free. Home buyers can narrow their search by typing in particular areas, such as ?San Francisco real estate.?
Although the information isn?t nearly as complete as the typical MLS listing, the new Google service allows buyers the opportunity to search with more anonymity than most similar sites. Before Google Base, viewers were generally asked to reveal personal information before they were given a chance to look at properties, and that information was then used as leads for agents.
It?s a free advertising vehicle for agents, similar to Realtor.com, but doesn?t offer nearly the choices of the actual MLS. However, the site has been up and running for less than a year, so it?s yet to be determined what the site will eventually look like, in terms of the number of properties and the site?s overall features. For instance, buyers can currently narrow their search by ZIP Code or county, but it?s not yet possible to search specific neighborhoods within a target area.
Perhaps the biggest change is that buyers can search for real estate listings through Google itself, rather than having to go onto the World Wide Web for information. The basic concept is similar to craigslist?the popular site that allows people to buy and sell goods and services nationwide.
At the moment, only properties that have been uploaded by agents appear on Google Base, but time will tell if Google will expand the information to include properties that have been ?spidered? from World Wide Web listings on other sites. There will likely be a considerable amount of debate as to whether information that?s traditionally been held solely by the MLS will ultimately become accessible to all home buyers. If the trend toward open access continues, it?s possible that home buyers will gain access to what has previously been available only to real estate agents.
Eventually, the MLS may finding itself needing to enter into some sort of partnership agreement with Google Base, that is, unless they decide to team up with one of the other two search engine giants, Yahoo or MSN. Only time will tell how this latest Google venture will play out, but as always, it will be consumer demand that dictates the final outcome.
It seems as though real estate agents haven?t taken to Google Base in all areas. In a search for Lake Elsinore, California, few of the listings available on MLS came up on Google Base. Interestingly, Trulia.com uses the Google Base map and more properties came up listed on Trulia.
Copyright ? 2006 Jeanette J. Fisher
Jeanette Fisher teaches real estate investing, home staging, and interior design. Free real estate investing information and investors resources at [http://doghousetodollhouse.com] | Real Estate Blog
Tags: Agents, Estate, Google, Ignored, Listings
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In the Showtime series United States of Tara, actress Toni Collette plays Tara Gregson, a Kansas mother who has dissociative identity disorder (DID), known formerly as multiple personality disorder. As with others with DID, Tara vacillates unpredictably between various personalities, often referred to as alters, over which she does not have control. One of these alters is a flirtatious and flamboyant teenager, another is a traditional 1950s housewife, and a third is a boisterous Vietnam War veteran.
Many films, such as The Three Faces of Eve (1957) and Me, Myself, and Irene (2000), similarly portray individuals as possessing more than one personality. Some of them even confuse DID with schizophrenia [see ?Living with Schizophrenia,? by Scott O. Lilienfeld and Hal Arko?witz; Scientific American Mind, March/April 2010]. Even the revised fourth edition of the American Psychiatric Association?s diagnostic manual, published in 2000, specifies the core features of the disorder as the ?presence of two or more distinct identities or personality states.? Yet despite the pervasive popular?and professional?portrayal of this disorder, research casts doubt on the idea that anyone truly harbors more than one personality.
Dramatic Differences
Plenty of evidence supports the idea that DID is not merely a matter of faking and that most people with the condition are convinced that they possess one or more alters. Although a few DID patients have only one alter?the so-called split personality?most report having several. In a survey conducted in 1989 by psychiatrist Colin Ross, then at Charter Hospital of Dallas, and his colleagues, the average number of alters was 16. Interestingly, that is the same number of alters purportedly possessed by Shirley Ardell Mason, the woman known as Sybil in the 1973 best-selling book and two made-for-television movies that popularized the diagnosis of multiple personality disorder. (Later evidence emerged suggesting that Sybil?s primary therapist encouraged her to display multiple personalities, creating a huge sensation.) In rare cases, the number of alters may reach into the hundreds or even thousands.
Differences among alters can be nothing short of astonishing. Alters within the same patient may be of different ages, genders, races and even species, including lobsters, ducks and gorillas. There have even been reported alters of unicorns, Mr. Spock of Star Trek, God, the bride of Satan, and Madonna. Moreover, some practitioners claim that alters can be identified by objective characteristics, including distinct handwriting, voice patterns, eyeglass prescriptions and allergies. Proponents of the idea of multiple personalities have also performed controlled studies of biological differences among alters, revealing that they may differ in respiration rate, brain-wave patterns and skin conductance, the last being an accepted measure of arousal.
The question of whether people can harbor more than one character has important legal and therapeutic implications. If they can, and if patients are often unaware of their alters? actions, a legal defense of ?not guilty by virtue of DID? may be justifiable. Other scholars have argued that each alter is entitled to separate legal representation. As professor of law Ralph Slovenko of Wayne State University noted in 1999 in an article, some judges have even required each alter to be sworn in separately prior to testifying.
In treating these patients, many therapists try to get them to integrate their discrete personalities into a coherent whole. In doing so, they may help patients contact ?undiscovered? alters and forge lines of communication among alters. For example, Ross has advocated naming alters and holding ?inner board meetings? in which they can converse, share opinions and provide information about missing alters. Psychiatrist Frank Putnam of Cincinnati Children?s Hospital has argued for the use of DID ?bulletin boards? on which alters can post messages for one another in notebooks or other convenient venues.
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Nobel Prizes winner for physics Saul Perlmutter smiles as he poses with his daughter's telescope at his home in Berkeley, Calif., Tuesday, Oct. 4, 2011 after hearing he had won. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said American Perlmutter would share the 10 million kronor ($1.5 million) award with U.S.-Australian Brian Schmidt and U.S. scientist Adam Riess. Working in two separate research teams during the 1990s, Perlmutter in one and Schmidt and Riess in the other, the scientists raced to map the universe's expansion by analyzing a particular type of supernovas, or exploding stars. (AP Photo/Paul Sakuma)
Nobel Prizes winner for physics Saul Perlmutter smiles as he poses with his daughter's telescope at his home in Berkeley, Calif., Tuesday, Oct. 4, 2011 after hearing he had won. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said American Perlmutter would share the 10 million kronor ($1.5 million) award with U.S.-Australian Brian Schmidt and U.S. scientist Adam Riess. Working in two separate research teams during the 1990s, Perlmutter in one and Schmidt and Riess in the other, the scientists raced to map the universe's expansion by analyzing a particular type of supernovas, or exploding stars. (AP Photo/Paul Sakuma)
Nobel Prizes winner for physics Saul Perlmutter smiles with his wife, Laura Nelson, at his home in Berkeley, Calif., Tuesday, Oct. 4, 2011 after hearing he had won. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said American Perlmutter would share the 10 million kronor ($1.5 million) award with U.S.-Australian Brian Schmidt and U.S. scientist Adam Riess. Working in two separate research teams during the 1990s, Perlmutter in one and Schmidt and Riess in the other, the scientists raced to map the universe's expansion by analyzing a particular type of supernovas, or exploding stars. (AP Photo/Paul Sakuma)
Nobel Prizes winner for physics Saul Perlmutter smiles as he receives the official phone call from the Swedish Academy of Sciences at his home in Berkeley, Calif., Tuesday, Oct. 4, 2011 that he had won. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said American Perlmutter would share the 10 million kronor ($1.5 million) award with U.S.-Australian Brian Schmidt and U.S. scientist Adam Riess. Working in two separate research teams during the 1990s, Perlmutter in one and Schmidt and Riess in the other, the scientists raced to map the universe's expansion by analyzing a particular type of supernovas, or exploding stars. (AP Photo/Paul Sakuma)
Nobel Prizes winner for physics Saul Perlmutter poses at his home in Berkeley, Calif., Tuesday, Oct. 4, 2011 after hearing he had won. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said American Perlmutter would share the 10 million kronor ($1.5 million) award with U.S.-Australian Brian Schmidt and U.S. scientist Adam Riess. Working in two separate research teams during the 1990s, Perlmutter in one and Schmidt and Riess in the other, the scientists raced to map the universe's expansion by analyzing a particular type of supernovas, or exploding stars. (AP Photo/Paul Sakuma)
Nobel Prizes winner for physics Saul Perlmutter smiles as he receives the official phone call from the Royal Swedish Academy at his home in Berkeley, Calif., Tuesday, Oct. 4, 2011 that he had won. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said American Perlmutter would share the 10 million kronor ($1.5 million) award with U.S.-Australian Brian Schmidt and U.S. scientist Adam Riess. Working in two separate research teams during the 1990s, Perlmutter in one and Schmidt and Riess in the other, the scientists raced to map the universe's expansion by analyzing a particular type of supernovas, or exploding stars. (AP Photo/Paul Sakuma)
BERKELEY, Calif. (AP) ? Saul Perlmutter won the Nobel Prize in physics Tuesday, but it wasn't until the California scientist was awakened by a telephone call from a reporter in Sweden that he learned of the distinction.
"How do I feel about what?" the 52-year-old Perlmutter remembered asking the reporter before dawn from his Berkeley home.
His wife looked online and told him it wasn't a hoax.
"Nobody really expects a Nobel Prize call," Perlmutter told The Associated Press by telephone shortly after the announcement in Stockholm.
Perlmutter was one of three U.S.-born scientists who won the prize for a study of exploding stars that discovered that the expansion of the universe is accelerating.
The finding overturned a fundamental assumption among astrophysicists that gravity was slowing the rate of expansion, and that scientists might be able to predict when the universe would come to an end.
"The result was nothing that we expected," Perlmutter, who heads the Supernova Cosmology Project at the University of California, Berkeley, said during a morning teleconference with reporters.
Perlmutter's research relied on massive cosmic explosions called supernovas to serve both as interstellar distance markers and a way to gauge which direction the universe was moving and how fast.
Instead of gaining clues to when the universe would begin contracting rather than expanding, he discovered that the universe was still growing, and at a faster rate.
But Perlmutter said he didn't immediately trust his results. Instead, he thought continued data analysis would eventually bear out that the universe's rate of expansion was decreasing. But months later, it became clear that wasn't the case.
"That was the extended four months of 'aha,'" he said. "That's got to be the slowest 'aha (moment)' you've ever heard."
Perlmutter also explained that The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, which awarded the prize, was slow to contact him because it was calling the wrong cellphone number. The academy got that number from a Swedish colleague of Perlmutter's, who didn't realize it was outdated, Perlmutter said.
"They tried to reach me for 45 minutes before going through another route," he said.
Perlmutter will share the $1.5 million award with U.S.-Australian Brian Schmidt and U.S. scientist Adam Riess, according to the acadmey, which credited their discoveries with helping to "unveil a universe that to a large extent is unknown to science."
Asked how he would spend the money, Perlmutter said he hadn't had time to think about that yet. He spent the morning on the phone and appeared at a news conference later in the day at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
"We knew Saul would win it one of these years," said Paul Preuss, a spokesman for the laboratory. "We just didn't know it would be this year. We are, of course, elated."
In addition to his prize money, Perlmutter will also get one of the coveted reserved parking spaces on campus that UC Berkeley gives to its Nobel winners.
"Which of course is the only reason to win a Nobel Prize, to be able to park on campus," Perlmutter joked.
The award was the 22nd Nobel Prize received by a UC Berkeley faculty member. The first was nuclear physicist Ernest O. Lawrence, whose name graces the national lab where Perlmutter works.
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Public release date: 6-Oct-2011
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